Deliniation of metropolitan areas in Poland: A functional approach

elineation of urban functional areas helps policymakers and planners understand the connections between core cities surrounding them, subsequently develop policies solutions that can serve local populations. This article develops a readily applicable econometric method for delineation considers aspects their surroundings. We perform analysis using data 78 Polish cities, grouping them by population size. Using satellite on lights emitted at night, density, commuter numbers as well number houses apartments built in each commune, we apply threshold regression model to determine boundaries areas. Our main results suggest mean radius (FUAs) around largest (most populous) is, average, 21 km, while it is 13 16 km smaller cities. then test how compare with perceptions inhabitants through citizen science project (CSP) conducted robustness check.